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XI International
Conference and Unconventional Therapies
Vancouver - Luglio 1996
by Roberto Adamoli and Alessandra
Durante
(Published on “Medicina Naturale” N. 5 September/October
1996, p. 96-103.)
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XI International
Conference and Unconventional Therapies
Vancouver - Luglio 1996
by Roberto Adamoli and Alessandra
Durante
(Published on “Medicina Naturale” N. 5 September/October
1996, p. 96-103.)
Hypericin: an historical alternative therapy
Melaleuca against orofharyngeal Candidiasis
Garlic against Criptosporidium parvum
Uganda herbs against diarroea and herpes
Traditional medicines and hiv infection
References
In Vancouver both conventional and unconventional medicine have
reaped many advantages. We have analyzed more than 80 abstracts about
unconventional therapies (UT) and we report in this article the
results of 45 of the most important studies about UT. First of all we
take into consideration studies on the use of UT employment among
persons living with hiv and aids (PLWHA), then those dealing with in
vitro researches and finally clinical trials or protocols.
Throughout the world unconventional therapies
are variously defined and different names are used synonimously
(Joice). In the U.S.A. they are called alternative medicines, in
China, South America and Africa traditional medicines, in Germany
unconventional medicines, in other European countries (including U.K.
and Italy ) alternative or complementary medicines. Not all the
therapies we will deal with are alternative, or complementary or
traditional, but all of them are unconventional therapies (in western
countries) and therefore we use this definition in the article.
Many important studies (Fisher et al., Eisemberg et al.)have already
described the use of UT both among the general public and among
PLWHAs (Anderson et al., Cohen et al. Aaroche).The Vancouver
conference has definitely established that PLWHA widely use them.
Twelve researches were presented (tab. 1) and show that 34-76% of
PLWHA use UT for hiv and aids:some of these studies involved few
people (62) but some were much more extensive. (1476) Women are
likely to use UT more than men, as referred by Berrier’s study
of 1285 persons (52% of women use UT). Malafronte’s study also
reports that 24/27 women and 28/69 men use UT.
Unfortunately, the data reported in the 12 studies are not comparable
because they did not use a standard questionnaire was not used items
were not codified with the same method. Nevertheless, it is possible
to observe that 18-38-43% of people use herbal remedies (Hollander,
Meneylli and Lubeck), 19-20% homeopathy (Sandmann and Hollander), 41%
acupuncture (Lubeck) 17-29-45-53%, vitamins and diet (Hollander,
Meneilly, Sandmann and Ostrow), 15% touch therapies (Ostrow).
Sandmann and Meneilly also pointed out that only 19% received
information about UT from physicians, while 50% received them through
friends or reading publications. 50-60% (Meneilly and De Francesco)
said the information they received on these treatments was
inadequate. Besides 26-44-36-80% (Sandmann, Collins, Hollander, De
Francesco)do not inform their official doctor that they are taking
UT.This lack of information seems to be strictly correlated to the
degree of approval by hospital practitioners (Malafronte).
In different studies, UT users showed a higher scolarity in
comparison to non-users (Ostrow, Berrier): this circumstance could
exclude that users are pushed by irrationality or are more easily
deceived .
Sabo showed that only 16% used alternative therapies also before Hiv
infection: he has so pointed out that hiv infection and aids are
specific causes inducing UT use. Meneilly and Paterson noticed that
PLWHA spend $100 per month for unconventional treatments.Paterson
also noticed that income influences the use of alternative diets
because people with less income strongly reduce their shopping
compared with those with higher income ($ 3.34 vs $ 22.24 per
week).
De Francesco ( and undirectly all the authors) affirm that 62% of UT
users combine conventional and unconventional treatments and 44%have
positive expectations in the integrate approach. Sandmann underlines
that PLWHA do not want to stop taking UT and a high number of people
want hospitals to support these therapies. Other authors also affirm
that it is very important for healthcarers and hospitals to become
interested in UT: (Collins, Sabo, Malafronte, Hollander, De
Francesco).
It is important to observe that two of the studies (Hollander and De
Francesco) are italian ones, the first one has been realized in
L.I.L.A. (Italian League for the Fight against Aids)centers, the
second one in Spallanzani hospital, Rome. The considerable use of UT
is also confirmed in another Italian study (Adamoli, 1)) and in the
preliminary data resulting from a research carried out at Niguarda
Hospital, Milan, where 26% of the PLWHA assisted use UT
(Adamoli,2)
There are countries where attention towards UT
is quite different from Italy; at the same time, there is a greater
consideration for the contribution coming from PLWHA
associations.More than once American authorities recognized the
contribution of PLWHA associations regarding therapies and, UT too.
(Abrams) In 1994 American Congress decided that NIH had to organize
an office for alternative medicines (OAM) only for UT. (ATN, OAM-1,
OAM-2)
OAM established a very articulated research program opening
specialized research centers in some American Universities. At the
Bastyr University , Aids research center is exclusively concerned
with Hiv and Aids UT.(Bastyr - 1)
In the Vancouver Conference, Standish of the Aids research center
presented a national recently begun study on 170 different UT . This
study will recruite 1500 PLWHA in 60 different clinics. In this study
a very detailed questionnaire will be used. Participants in this
research surely represent one of the most significant sample in the
world, so that we will have the first clear and analytical
“photo” about UT use, safety and efficacy.
During the last fifteen years, many rigorous
and precise studies documented in vitro anti-HIV activity of many
plant extracts. Not to be forgotten is an important WHO document
(WHO/TRM/GPA/90.2 where 33 phytochemical anti-HIV substances are
listed and where the reasonable safety doctrine is postulated.
The document says exactly that”herbal remedies have often been
used for centuries, their preparation having been described in
classical texts of traditional medicine, they cannot be considered
“new drugs” inthe same sense as “new” drug
candidates from the pharmaceutical industry, which are usually pure
and well characterized chemical ntities, never before used by humans.
Testing rerquirements formulated by regulatory authorities to ensure
the safety of “new drugs” are therefore not necessarily
applicable to traditional remedies. A more limited range of
preclinical toxicological tests may be adequate for traditional
remedies.”
Unfortunately, no particular WHO engagement in the UT field followed
this document; nevertheless, we think that it can be considered a
very good starting point to reflect upon experimental UT
protocols.
Coming back to the Conference new reports dealt with certain herbal
extracts, like Geum japonicum thunb, which exhibited a potent
activity - to a conventional dose for humans - in experiments on
murine CMV and Hiv infected animals. If these results would be
confirmed also for human CMV we could say to have made a very
important discovery, as at the moment CMV prophylaxis and treatment
are very invasive and provoke a strong deterioration of PLWHA quality
of life. The complete results of Kageyama’s study results will
be published in detail in the next number of Antiviral research , in
an article by Tomayo A. Yukawa.
Robinson et al. presented their research about new active agents
against Hiv integrase.The integrase enzyme is very important for Hiv
replication and is not normally present in mammal cells: so it is
possible to think that anti- integrase substances could be highly
selective and less toxic. This research reports high anti-integrase
activity of dicaffeoylquinic acids extracted from some Bolivian
plants.
Yamasaki et al. identified 40 plants of the Labiatae species used in
Japan. Extracts were obtained in aceton, ethanol, 70% ethanol and
water. Acetone and ethanol extracts showed no activity against in
vitro HIV-1, 70% ethanol extract showed little activity; water
extract showed the greatest anti-Hiv-1 activity, especially for
Prunella vulgaris, Ocimun basilicum L cv cinnamon, Melissa
officinalis L. And Perilla fructescens Britt. Var. Acta Kudo at
concentrations below 16 mg/ml. Considering the high number of
anti-hiv active labiatae, studies are now being carried out to find a
common active substance in labiatae plants.
Considering that cellular activation provokes viral replication, Mori
et al.tested Sho-saiko-to and Fuscoporia obliqua in Hiv-infected
cellular cultures after stimulation with cytokines (TNFalfa, IL-2 and
IL-6). HIV-1 replication was determined through reverse transcriptase
, that was inhibited at 50 and 40 microg/ml respectively.
An ethiopian study (Lakew) identified six plant families active
against hiv among those commonly present in that country.
Chang et al. presented the most complete survey about anti-Hiv plant
extracts. These authors made a complete thorough study of the
published literature (since 1982) on all plant and herbal compounds
studied for their activity against hiv and used for Aids therapy.
Their results conclude that tens of thousands of natural extracts
have been screened for anti-Hiv activity. Among these, 70 compounds
and 76 crude natural extracts from 123 species exhibited inhibitory
in vitro anti-hiv activity through different mechanisms. Of all these
species ,63 are found in chinese materisa medica and at least 8
derived from other ethnomedicines. Only few of these extracts have
been tested in clinical studies (Ganoderma, Momordica caranthia,
Viscum album, Curcumin, Acemannan, Glycyrrhizin,lentinan, hypericin,
GLQ233,PCK-4). Authors conclusions confirm that plants and herbs
offer excellent prospects in the search for Hiv treatments.
Widening the landscape from plant extracts to their synthetic
derivates, we find other works about fractions or synthetic copies of
natural molecules: five abstracts about castanospermine or its
derivatives(Stoltz, Richmond, Arasteh, Zolnouni,Roth) and one about
MAP-30 protein, the active principle of Momordica caranthia (lee
Huang) were presented.
In Vancouver, some clinical UT studies have
also been presented. In particular the results of trials on plant
extracts (boxwood, hypericum , garlic, tea tree oil ecc.) or on
Chinese or African herbal formulas. it is generally possible to find
only anecdoctical cases about UT clinical results in PLWHA.,but it is
very difficult to find controlled clinical trials with reproducible
results. It is even more important that at the Conference, were
presented wider clinical trials, involving hundreds of people with a
common therapeutic regimen. It is important to go on following this
track,also becuase these studies have underlined the UT possibilites
in the HIV and AIDS treatment.It is surely more difficult to test UT
(Wolfstaedter) than to obtain data about one single molecule, but
this is the right way to guarantee results to patients and to
optimize benefits coming from nature.
Hypericin, an in vitro active anti_Hiv alcaloid
from Hypericum perforatum, is one of the more studied substances for
Hiv treatment. Its in vitro activity has been demonstrated by Meruelo
, Degar and other authors in several studies. Its action probably
interferes in viral assembly (Lavie et al.) and/or with viral capside
p24 provoking radical changes (Degar et al.) or, even in the binding
between gp120 and CD4 receptor (Lenard et al). This action is
probably to be related to the inhibitory hypericin proprieties on
protein chinase C (Takanashi).Unfortunately the use of hypericin is
strongly limited by the appearance of an important toxicity (Lui et
al) due to photoactivation; it is not yet the photoactivation dosage
has not yet been completely and definitely identified.
Two studies about hypericin were presented, one about clinical
efficacy of a natural extract and one concerning the safety of oral
subministration of synthetic hypericin.
A study by Vonsover, Steinbeck-Klose et al included 18 patients (mean
PCR 5 log 10copies/ml and positive measurable p24 antigen in 33%)
receiving in monotherapy over periods ranging between 48 and 72 weeks
a natural extract of Hypericum perforatum (1 x 2ml.weekly i.v. plus
6x 2 tablets (Jossa) per day). They noticed a decline in p24 antigen
in four patients while levels remaoined unchanged in two others; in
12 patients p24 antigen remained negative throughout the whole period
of follow-up. They also observed a general decline of viral load
(from 5.0 to 4.23 log copies/ ml).
Steinbeck-Klose already presented in Berlin, in 1993 a study about 18
seropositive patients treated in a similar way and with the same
results. Vancouver’s study is likely to be the continuation of
that study.
Pitisuttithum et al. studied the safety of synthetic hypericin per os
A first dosage of 0.05 mg/kg in 4 patients (CD4 between 217 and 423)
determined in 3/4 a mild photosensitive reaction, while 1/4 had to
abandon treatment after 17 days. A second group of 4 persons (CD4
between 24 and 406) received higher doses of hypericin (0.16 mg/Kg)
but 2 of them showed severe symptoms of photosensitivity reaction and
had to abandon treatment, while the other two developed a mild
tolerable phosensitivity. The next group, now in study, will assume
the dose of 0.05 mg/Kg in order to confirm the maximum tolerated dose
which has the maximim antiretroviral effect.
Studies on synthetic hypericin began in the U.S.A. in 1989 and since
that moment little improvements have been made with this formulation:
many studies needed interruption because of toxicity and other
results were never published. VIMRx Pharmaceutical intend to use
their patent on synthetic hypericin for the sterilization of blood
bags and hemoderivatives, as hypericin has a wide spectrum of
antiviral activity (hiv, herpes simplex 1and 2, Epstein-Barr,
cytomegalovirus.
Boxwood has come into use among PLWHA in the
last two years. More exactly it is SPV-30, a natural boxwood extract
manufactured by French Arkopharma in tablets (330 mg).
Before the Vancouver conference we only knew anecdoctical reports,
some preliminary results from an American open study and phase-I
study results on 43 French people. (Durant, 1994). This last study
put inevidence SPV-30 safety and it confirmed the first preliminary
data about CD4 increase.
In Vancouver final results of the American open study on 400 patients
and phase II results on 145 French patients were presented. They are
the widest UT studies, and at least the French one, it has been made
according to good clinical practice, internationally recognized even
by conventional medicine.
The American study was described in two abstracts.
The first, a more political one,(Stokes et al.)wanted to underline
that an open study can be conducted through HIV community initiative.
Stokes, a HIV community activist,succeeded in obtaining SPV-30 free
for 500 individuals, promising to provide laboratory and clinical
data every two months and creating a collaboration network including
doctors, researchers, persons.
The second abstract (Pharo et al.) analyzes data coming from 173 of
400 patients recruited by Stokes.Baseline CD4 ranged from 0 to 860 ,
CD8 from 42 to 3269 and a viral load from 0 to more than 2 millions
copies/ml. It was an open study and persons assumed also other
antiretroviral drugs: to be recruited it was necessary that
antiretroviral drugs assumption had been interrupted since two
months, in order to reasonably give the responsibility of laboratory
and clinical changes to SPV-30. After six months treatment 63%
participants experienced decreases of viral load and for 38% of them
the decrease was greater than 50% (or 0.3 log). 41% experienced
increases in CD4 and 52% in CD8.No significant toxicity was noted
during the study; mild transient episodes of diarrhea or abdominal
cramps were occasionally noted. Generally persons noticed an increase
in energy, improvement of appetite and concentration, sense of
well-being and weight gain.
The results of a multicentre, randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial on 145 patients were presented by a French
equipe (Durant et al.)working under Luc Montagnier’s
supervision. The study compared two daily dosages of SPV-30 (SPV 990
and SPV 1980, that is to say respectively 3 and 6 tablets ) versus
placebo.
Recruitement was made among persons belonging to groups II or III of
CDC 1987 classification, with CD4 count between 250 and 500, never
treated with antiretroviral drugs before.
No statistically significant difference was noticed for CD4.Viral
load showed a more relevant increase in the placebo and in SPV 1980
groups than in SPV 990 group (p=0.029). Viral load . As regards
drop-outs for therapeutical failures, they were exactly 25,5% in
placebo group, 20,4% in SPV 1980 and 6,3% in SPV 990, with a
statistically significant difference (p=0.036)
These results allowed authors to affirm that SPV 990 slows down
disease progression in Hiv+ asymptomatic patients. Many important
questions about safety in patients with low CD4 counts are still open
(some researcher advise caution in these patients) and about
interpretation of French study data. For instance, it is not
explained why a higher SPV-30 dosage gives the same results as
placebo.Perhaps SPV-30 could not be directly active on viral
replication, but it could modulate and influence immune and oxidative
mechanisms- Moreover, we need an explanation about the reasons why
the phase I French study showed a CD4 increase while phase II no
longer does. Neither pharmacological nor natural substances showed a
resolutive effect in monotherapy and only the combination of
different active principles seems to have significant results on
viral load. SPV-30 could be one of the substances to be used in this
kind of therapeutical strategy.
Vazquez et al. gave an oral solution of
Melaleuca to 12 Aids patients with oropharyngeal Candidiasis
refractory to fluconazole. These patients were treated with
mouth-washes for 2-4 weeks, and were monitored and evaluated at the
conclusion of the therapy and weekly thereafter for 4 weeks.
Evaluation criteria adopted in this study consisted in: clinical cure
in case of complete disappearance of micotic lesions; improved in
case 50% of micotic lesions and all symptoms were resolved;
mycological cure in case of less than 50 CFU/ml.
After 2 weeks, 7/12 patients had improved; in the fourth week, 10/12
showed a good reaction to the therapy (5 patients were cured, 5
improved, while 2 were non-responders). Mycological response was
present in 8 patients (4 cured and 4 improved), 2 patients were true
non-responders and for the last two patients the count was not made.
At the end of the four week follow-up no clinical relapse
occurred.
Fareed et al. presented a study about garlic
and cryptosporidiosis.30 mg of allicin was diluted in 90 cc distilled
water and given twice a day (once orally and once by retention enema)
to 20 persons with diarrhea and stool samples resulting positive to
Cryptosporidium parvum. 15 of these persons had CD4 values <
50/mm3. 18 patients were evaluable for at least three weeks of
therapy and in all of them a general reduction in bowel movements was
observed: 8 of them showed a stabilization or mild increase in body
weight. The results were confirmed in 10/16 evaluable patients after
6 weeks of treatment. 8 patients had a longer follow-up:
Criptosporidium exams were negative in 4 of them after 8 weeks.
Allicin was very well tolerated and, considering the lack of
effective conventional therapy for this opportunistic infection, the
use of high-dose garlic concentrates appears to be a feasible
therapeutic choice for patients with CD4 count < 100/mm3.
These authors are preparing new studies about this subject.
Homsy J. et al. presented two studies about
chronic diarroea (CD) and herpes zoster (HZ) treated with autocton
herbs in Kampala.465 patients were treated with local herbs and
compared with 194 patients treated with acyclovir or other available
drugs. In the first part of the study, 243 patients were recruited
(220 with CD and 42 with HZ) and treatd with local herbs, while 113
(60 CD and 53 HZ) were treated with conventional drugs. In the second
part of the study, 222 patients were recruited (88 CD and 134 HZ) and
treated with local herbs, while 81 (39 CD and 42 HZ) were treated
with conventional drugs.
HZ lesions disappeared both with herbal and chemical treatment, but
they noticed that in the group treated with herbs there was a lower
presence of post-herpetic neuralgias in comparison to the group
treated with chemical drugs (only 11% against 44%, in the first part
of the study, and 16% against 40% in the second part).
The results with CD were significative ( no symptoms for at least two
weeks)in the group treated with local herbs (69% of the cases in the
first part of the study and 78% in the second part) In the group
treated with chemical drugs only 33% in the first part of the study
and 25% in the second part had the same results. The CD4 count showed
the same decline in both groups.
The authors of these studies affirm that herbal treatments can be
evaluated with simple and economical clinical trials. Besides they
showed a better compliance and better results in the treatment of
these pathologies. They hope that these treatments may be available
in hospitals and primary care throughout Uganda.
The same authors are now studying the results of local herb
treatments in oral candidosis and cutaneous infections. These studies
were funded by Medecins Sans Frontières (THETA) and Kampala
TASO ( the Aids support organization): both these organizations are
forming a good number of local people in order to teach them to treat
hiv and opportunistic diseases with traditional medicine.
During the Conference were presented several
reviews of the anti-Hiv activity of herbs used in traditional
medicine.
Caprani et al. presented the results of a study about a combination
of three Brazilian herbs, named CHAM3, given to 12 Hiv+ persons for 9
months: nine of them took it as a monotherapy, three mixed it with
conventional therapy. All patients showed very significant
improvement of laboratory findings (medium CD4 level from 204 to 460
mm3) and nobody showed adverse side effects.
Ssemukasa, from Uganda, reported an interesting experience made with
73 persons well-experienced in the employment of local herbs: they
searched and studied the most commonly used herbs for the treatment
of hiv, aids and opportunistic diseases; following their indications,
botanical gardens with plantations of 25 of these herbs were
organised and are at the PLwHA’s disposal.
Another study (Prakash Bora et al)reported the results of an
ayurvedic formula in 14 persons, showing a slight increase of CD4 and
decrease of beta2 microglobulines, after 12 weeks in all
patients.
More than 10 reports were presented by TCM practitioners and
researchers.
First of all, Shide et al. examined 700 chinese herbs and confirmed
that 90 of them show some activity against hiv (alone or in
combination).
Two abstracts report the results obtained with a Chinese formula,
named ZY-1, containing proved to be highly effective in the treatment
of 104 persons in Tanzania. Lu Weibo et al. report some interesting
results obtained with this formula in 52 patients: at the end of the
study , almost all symptoms ( such as asthenia, diarrhoea, cutaneous
manifestations, etc.) disappeared, while immune conditions were
improved in 14 persons and unchanged in 16.
Guan et al. made an interesting also Astragalus membranaceous and
Viola Yodoensis: this formula study with two groups of SIV infected
monkeys, comparing ZY-1 and AZT treatment : the ZY-1 group showed a
decrease in viral load and a good increase in CD4 count and in
CD4/CD8 rate.
Another Chinese formula named “The spring of life” (SOL)
has been administered in a dosage of 15 g twice a day for three
months to 27 HIV+ persons: these persons had then a follow-up of 20
months.(Liyung et al.)Authors affirm to have seen good results in 25
over 27 cases as to quality of life, opportunistic infections and
laboratory findings. SOL inhibits HIV-1 and HIV-2 and many bacteria
in vitro and shows to have no toxic effect in acute and chronic
toxicity tests.
Young et al. have been treating 391 persons for 12 weeks with
acupuncture and a standardized herbal formula. 286 patients completed
the study (172 asymptomatic, 39 in ARC and 75 in Aids). During
observation, they noticed a good, statistically relevant decrease of
clinical and subjective symptoms.
It is always very unusual to find studies about
traditional medicines and pediatric aids. The Vancouver conference
represented an exception also under this point of view.
Michio et al. presented the results of a 3 and 1/2-year study
involving 40 children. All children were treated with a Chinese
herbal formula whose composition changed continuously according to
the clinical situation of each child. Every two months morphometric
measures and blood examinations were executed and the results were
compared with those of 80 conventionally treated children.The group
treated with TCM showed a significant improvement of antropometric
measures, opportunistic diseases and also of the CD4 count : the
mortality ratio in this group was 1/3 lower than the second group.
Authors conclude that aids treatment with TCM is possible, safe and
important for the quality of life and immune system, restoring in the
patient a condition of asymptomaticity.
As already underlined, the XI Conference has
been very important for UT.
Quality and quantity of presented studies have finally given
visibility to the great potentiality of UT. Besides, many of these
researches were made in Uganda, Brazil, China and other developing
countries to the benefit of these populations and by using their
traditional medicines. At last we assist in a concrete effort to make
UT’s great therapeutical potentiality available in their own
original countries.
The UT impact has been so great that the Community Forum decided to
take them as one of its qualifying points and asked for a substantial
commitment to the whole world governments. Moreover, during a meeting
between associations for the fight against Aids and the organizers of
the next ICA, these latter formally decided to give more space to UT
during next Geneva International Conference in 1998.
Confirmation of viral load test validity and reliability surely will
have a great importance for UT study and research. (Gallyot, Graham,
Levin, Baker). Thanks to the availability and validation of viral
load tests ,it is now possible to value clinical activity also
through small, short, limited, cheaper clinical studies: opening also
new possibilities for UT.
In Italy a request to pay greater attention to UT has come from
different parts (UT-1, UT-2), but it seems to move very slowly. We
hope that the results of this international conference can help UT to
come out of limbo in our country also.
Abrams D. L. Dealing with Alternative Therapies
for HIV. in Volberding P.A. et al. The medical management of AIDS -
Fourth Edition 1995 pp. 183-207. Edit by W.B. Saunders Company
Adamoli R. et al. Dati preliminari ricerca su 223 persone HIV
positive afferenti all’ambulatorio di malattie Infettive
dell’Ospedale Niguarda di Milano. 1996-2. In corso di
valutazione e pubblicazione.
Adamoli R. et al. Ricerca su utilizzo e sperimentabilità delle
medicina tradizionali in Italia. 3° Colloquio Europeo di
Etnofarmacologia. Genova 29 maggio - 2 giugno 1996-1. Abstract book
pag. 180
Aids Treatment News, n. 209, October 21, 1994: “Alternative
Treatment Research Center Receives NIH Grat”
Anderson at al. Patient use and assessmen of conventional and
alternative therapies for HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS 1993;
7:561-5
Arasteh K. et al. A randomizer double-blind, dose-ranging phase II
european study of the safety and efficacy of chronically administered
butanoyl-castanospermine (MDL 28,574A) HIV-infected patients. XI^ ICA
Vancouver 1996. Abstract Mo.B.1121
Arochne J. Complementary therapies. The frustrated promise. National
Aids Bulletin, n°20-1995: 20-21 etc.)
Bakerr R. HIV Viral Load Supercedes CD4 Count as Best Marker for
Predicting Risk of AIDS and Death. Bullettin of Experimental
Treatments for AIDS Jule 1996. pp 9-11
BASTYR-1: Bastyr University AIDS Research Center. First Years-end
Report, 9/30/94 -8/14/95
Berrier et al. Use of complementary/alternative therapies (C/A Rx) by
HIV+ women (WM): the wome’s interagency HIV study (WIHS). XI ICA
Vancouver 1996. Abstract: Th.D 5120
Bhatia R. et al. Evolving strategic planning complementary therapies:
a national care, treatment 6 support approach. XI^ ICA Vancouver
1996. Abstract. Mo.B 184
Caprani A. et al. Drastic increase of CD4 cell counts by CHAM3
therapy in HIV infected patients. XI^ ICA Vancouver 1996. Abstract
Th.B.4098
Chang R.Y et al. Meta-survey of plant and herb material as a
treatment for hiv. XI^ ICA Vancouver 1996. Abstract Mo.B.303
Cohen C.J. et al Prevalence of non conventional medical treatments in
HIV-infected patients: implications for primary care. Clinical
Research 1990; 38:692A abstract.
Collins et al. Use of alternative treatments for hiv: patterns and
correlates. XI ICA Vancouver 1996. Abstract: Mo.B 183
David M Eisemberg et altri. Unconventional medicine in the United
States. N Engl J Med 1993 V. 328-n°4: 246-52
Degar S, Prince A M, Pascual D, Lavie G, Levin B, Mazur Y, Lavie D,
Ehrlich LS, Carter C, Meruelo D (1992) Inactivation of the human
immunodeficiency virus by hypericin: evidence for photochemical
alteration of p24 and block in uncoating. AIDS Research and Human
Retrovirus 1992: 8, 1929-1936.
De Francesco A. et al. Aids and alternative medicine. XI^ ICA
Vancouver 1996. Abstract: Th.D.5124
Durant J., Dellamonica P., Illiadis A., Chantre P. Rapport Clinique.
Etude randomisee en double aveugle de l’efficacite et de la
tollerance du SPV dans le traitement de l’infection VIH chez les
patiente asymptomatiques. Septembre 1994 Laboratoires Arkopharma
France
Durant J et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial of SPV efficacy and safety in HIV-infected
asymptomatic patients. XI ICA Vancouver 1996. Abstract.
Fareed G. et al The use of a high-dose Garlic preparation for the
treatment of Cryptosporidium Parvum diarrhea. XI ICA. Vancouver 1996.
Abstract: Th.B 4215
Fisher P, Ward A. Complementary medicine in Europe. BMJ 1994 V. 309
pp 107-10
Gallyot R. et al. Viral load in low CD4 count HIV-positive patients
with and without a preceding AIDS-defining diagnosis. XI ICA
Vancouver 1996. Abstract: We.B 3382
Graham NMH et al. Infectious HIV Viral Load predicts clinical
progression and survival among HIV infected adults. XI ICA 1996.
Abstract: Mo.We.B 411
Guang C.F. et al. Experimental research on Traditional Chinese
Medicinal herbs-ZY-1-recipe for AIDS treatment. XI^ ICA Vancouver
1996. Abstract We.A.3009
Hollander L. et al. Epidemiological evaluation of the use of CT among
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Kageyama S et al. Potent activity of the extract of Geum iaponicum
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Lakew G. Potential of Ethiopians Medical Plants in the fight against
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Lavie G, Valentine F, Levin B, Mazur Y, Gallo G, Lavie D, Weiner D,
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Mo.A.1099
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Li Yung Kong et al. Treat AIDS and ARC with Chinese Traditional
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Lui H, Gulick R, Kollias N, Wimberley J, Crumpacker C, Andersen R.
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Th.D5119
Malafronte B. et al. Use of unconventional medicine among hiv
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Tu.B.2121
Prakash Bora C. et al Efficacy of Ayurvdic formulation among
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Robinson W. E et al. New antiretroviral agents with activity against
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Sabo et al. Standardized clinical assessmant tool on the use of
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Ssemukasa M. Herbal Medicine: an alternative therapy in poor rural
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XI^ ICA Vancouver 1996. Abstract Mo.B.1329
Takahashi I, Nakanishi S, Kobayashi E, Nakano H, Suzuki K, Tamaoki T.
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Vazquez J. A. et al Use of an over-the- counter, breathaway
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Young M.G. et al. Proposed model of a Traditional Chinese Medicine
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